How can I check if 2FA (two-factor authentication) is enabled centrally for my company's corporate email?

Checking whether two-factor authentication is enabled will depend on the email provider you use.

For Microsoft Office 365, you can refer to this tutorial to find out how to implement two-factor authentication: https://docs.microsoft.com/microsoft-365/admin/security-and-compliance/set-up-multi-factor-authentication?view=o365-worldwide

For GSuite/Gmail, you can refer to this tutorial to find out how to implement two-factor authentication: https://support.google.com/a/answer/175197